The reading signaled a challenging end to 2022 in Czech manufacturing sector, as both output and new orders decreased following weak demand conditions and the impact of energy price hikes and inflation hit operations.

At the same time, purchasing activity declined for the seventh month running while employment fell strongly and at the steepest rate since August 2020.

Also, sentiment remained pessimistic and was at its second-lowest level since April 2020, as concerns regarding future demand and prices deepened.