In a statement issued on Wednesday, MKIK said the survey showed smaller companies planned to raise prices to manage higher payroll costs, while mid-sized and big companies planned to cut costs, introduce hiring freezes or upgrade technology.

Around 70% of the companies expect new technology to replace some headcount in 3-5 years, while 75% believe training could improve labor productivity, boosting profits. Close to half of companies said higher remuneration would motivate employees.

MKIK welcomed the recent agreement between employers, unions and the government on statutory minimum wage increases over the coming three years, but urged a reduction in payroll taxes and higher thresholds for non-wage benefits.

It also pressed for support for the self-employed and microbusinesses and incentives for simplified employment.

MKIK pointed to the need for development of vocational training and retraining and support for corporate credit and investments.