The award, which "recognizes lifetime research achievement that has established a new school of thought", was presented by Minister of Human Capacities Miklós Kásler.
With her research, the minister said, Karikó has "inscribed her name in the history of medical science", drawing a comparison as well as with the work of the award's namesake.
The Hungarian physician Ignác Semmelweis was a pioneer of antiseptic procedures, although his suggestion that doctors should wash their hands flew in the face of established medical opinion in the mid-19th century.
Karikó said she was honored to accept the award, adding that she would continue her work to find treatments for diseases that had been "pushed to the sidelines" because of the pandemic.
The biochemist, who filed the patent for the mRNA technology used in the Pfizer and Moderna COVID vaccines, trained at the University of Szeged and was awarded her doctorate there in 1983.